CFP last date
20 May 2024
Call for Paper
June Edition
IJCA solicits high quality original research papers for the upcoming June edition of the journal. The last date of research paper submission is 20 May 2024

Submit your paper
Know more
Reseach Article

A Review on RF Field Exposure from Cellular Base Stations

by Amar Renke, Mahesh Chavan
International Journal of Computer Applications
Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Volume 104 - Number 12
Year of Publication: 2014
Authors: Amar Renke, Mahesh Chavan
10.5120/18252-9114

Amar Renke, Mahesh Chavan . A Review on RF Field Exposure from Cellular Base Stations. International Journal of Computer Applications. 104, 12 ( October 2014), 9-16. DOI=10.5120/18252-9114

@article{ 10.5120/18252-9114,
author = { Amar Renke, Mahesh Chavan },
title = { A Review on RF Field Exposure from Cellular Base Stations },
journal = { International Journal of Computer Applications },
issue_date = { October 2014 },
volume = { 104 },
number = { 12 },
month = { October },
year = { 2014 },
issn = { 0975-8887 },
pages = { 9-16 },
numpages = {9},
url = { https://ijcaonline.org/archives/volume104/number12/18252-9114/ },
doi = { 10.5120/18252-9114 },
publisher = {Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA},
address = {New York, USA}
}
%0 Journal Article
%1 2024-02-06T22:35:57.556714+05:30
%A Amar Renke
%A Mahesh Chavan
%T A Review on RF Field Exposure from Cellular Base Stations
%J International Journal of Computer Applications
%@ 0975-8887
%V 104
%N 12
%P 9-16
%D 2014
%I Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Abstract

This review paper, takes into account previously published papers based on human exposure to electromagnetic fields which is radiated from cellular base stations and its corresponding adverse effects on human beings. This paper reviews the estimation and evaluation of the human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF); these radiated fields from cellular base stations which aim to verify the exposure compliance with human protection guidelines. There is an abundant literature in which experiments are carried out to study what effects the radiated fields have when human cells are exposed to such exposure. Here exposure situation considered is around the base stations and the approximate distance from base station is from 5m to 150m. Different exposure measurement methods were used in different papers such as single point measurement method or spatial averaging methods, such as 3, 6, 9, 20 points. Selected countries in Europe and elsewhere has taken the EMF exposure survey and compared the results with guidelines developed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The paper also focuses on different international standards developed for EMF exposure from base stations. Finally adverse biological effects of EMF exposure from various papers are summarized.

References
  1. Byung Chan Kim, Jae-Hoon Yun, And Seong-Ook Park, Member, Ieee "Uncertainty Estimation For Evaluating Human Exposure Levels To Rf Electromagnetic Fields From Cellular Base Stations" Ieee Transactions On Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 54, No. 2, April 2012
  2. Icnirp, "Guidelines For Limiting Exposure To Time Varying Electric, Magnetic, And Electromagnetic Field (Up To 300 Ghz)," Health Phys. , Vol. 74, No. 4, Pp. 494–522, 1998.
  3. Radiation Protection Standard "Maximum Exposure Levels To Radiofrequency Fields — 3 Khz To 300 Ghz" Radiation Protection Series Publication No. 3 Arpansa.
  4. Cenelec Standard En 50383, "Basic Standard For Calculation And Measurement Of Electromagnetic Field Strength And Sar Related To Human Exposure From Radio Base Stations And Fixed Terminal Stations For Wireless Telecommunications System" (110 Mhz – 40 Ghz), Cenelec Standard En 50383, 2002.
  5. Cenelec Standard En50420, "Basic Standard For The Evaluation Of Human Exposure To Electromagnetic Fields From Stand Alone Broadcast Transmitter" (30 Mhz–40 Ghz), Cenelec Standard En50420, 2006.
  6. Cenelec Standard, En50492, "Basic Standard For In-Situ Measurement Of Electromagnetic Field Strength Related To Human Exposure In The Vicinity Of Base Stations", Cenelec Standard, En50492, 2008.
  7. Cenelec Standard En50400, "Basic Standard To Demonstrate The Compliance Of Fixed Equipment For Radio Transmission (110 Mhz – 40 Ghz) Intended For Use In Wireless Telecommunication Networks With The Basic Restrictions Or The Reference Levels Related To General Public Exposure To Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, When Put Into Service, Cenelec Standard En50400, 2004.
  8. B. C. Kim, H. -D. Choi And S. -O. Park, "Methods Of Evaluating Human Exposure To Electromagnetic Fields Radiated From Operating Base Stations In Korea, " Bio- Electromagnetics, Vol. 29, No. 7, Pp. 579– 582, Oct. 2008.
  9. B. C. Kim, And S. - O. Park, "Reduction Of Averaging Time For Evaluation Of Human Exposure To Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields From Cellular Base Stations," Ieice Tran. Communication, Vol. B, No. 7, Pp. 1862–1864, Jul. 2010.
  10. E. LarchˆEveque, C. Dale, M. Wong, And J. Wiart, "Analysis Of Electric Field Averaging For In-Situ Radio Frequency Exposure Assessment," Ieee Trans. Veh. Technol. ,Vol. 54, No. 4, Pp. 1240–1250, Jul. 2005.
  11. S. Kuhn And N. Kuster, "Evaluation Of Measurement Techniquestoshowcompliance With Rf Safety Limits In Heterogeneous Field Distributions," Ieee Trans. Electromagn. Compat. , Vol. 52, No. 4, Pp. 820–828, Nov. 2010.
  12. W. C. Y. Lee, "Estimate Of Local Average Power Of A Mobile Radio Signal," Ieee Trans. Veh. Technol. , Vol. 34, No. 1, Pp. 22– 27, Feb. 1985.
  13. Cenelec En50166, "Human Exposure To Electromagnetic Fields. High Frequency" (10 Khz To 300 Ghz), Cenelec En 50166-2, Jan. 1995.
  14. S. I. Henderson And M. J. Bangay, "Survey Of Rf Exposure Levels From Mobile Telephone Base Stations In Australia," Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 27, Pp. 73– 76, 2006.
  15. D. Molkdar "Review On Radio Propagation Into And Within Buildings" Iee Proceedings-H, Vol. 138, No. I , February 1991
  16. Bernard H. Fleury, Swiss Federal Institute Of Technology, Zurich Peter E. Leuthold, Swiss Federal Institute Of Technology, "Radio Wave Propagation In Mobile Communications: An Overview Of European Research", Zurich Ieee Communications Magazine 0 February 1996
  17. Chr. Bornkessel1, M. Schubert, M. Wuschek, P. Schmidt "Measurement And Calculation Of General Public Electromagnetic Exposure Around Gsm And Umts Cellular Base Stations"
  18. Goiceanu, R. Danulescu, E. Danulescu "Investigation On Residential Exposure To Electromagnetic Radiation In The Proximity Of Mobile Phone Base Stations". Cproceedings Of The 40th European Microwave Conference, 28-30 September 2010, Paris, France
  19. Paolo Bernardi, Life Fellow, Ieee, Marta Cavagnaro, Member, Ieee, Renato Cicchetti, Senior Member, Ieee, Stefano Pisa, Member, Ieee, Emanuele Piuzzi, And Orlandino Testa "A Utd/Fdtd Investigation On Procedures To Assess Compliance Of Cellular Base-Station Antennas With Human-Exposure Limits In A Realistic Urban Environment Ieee Transactions On Microwave Theory And Techniques, Vol. 51, No. 12, December 2003
  20. Carla Oliveira1, Daniel Sebastijo1, Gongalo Carpinteirol, Luis M. Correia', Carlos A. Fernandes1 , Afonso Serralha2, And Nuno Marques2 "The Monit Project: Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure Assessment In Mobile Communications" Ieee Antennas And Propagation Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 1, February 2007
  21. Fellow, Ieee, Marta Cavagnaro, Stefano Pisa, Member Paolo Bernardi, Ieee, And Emanuele Piuzzi, "Human Exposure To Radio Base-Station Antennas In Urban Environment" Ieee Transactions On Microwave T Heory And Techniques, Vol. 48, No. 11, November 2000
  22. E. Karabetsos, G. Filippopoulos Non Ionizing Radiation Office, "Uncertainty Estimation In Electromagnetic Field Measurements For Assessing Compliance With Safety Limits" Greek Atomic Energy Commission P. O. Box: 60092, Zip Code 15310, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
  23. Latin American Experts Committee On High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields And Human Health Scientific Review Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation In The Radiofrequency Spectrum And Its Effects On Human Health With A Review On The Standards And Policies Of Radiofrequency Radiation Protection In Latin America June 2010.
  24. D. D. Wackerly, W. Mendenhall Iii, And R. L. Scheaffer, Mathematical Statistics With Applications, 7th Ed. Duxbury, Ma: Thomson, 2008, Pp. 839–849.
  25. "Nerves In A Human Body Exposed To Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields" Ronold W. P. King, Life Fellow, Ieee Ieee Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 46, No. 12, December 1999
  26. Oriano Bottauscio, Mario Chiampi, And Luca Zilberti , "Boundary Element Approaches For The Evaluation Of Human Exposure To Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields" Ieee Transactions On Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 3, March 2009
  27. Markus Clemens, Stefan Dickmann, Abdessamad El Ouardi, Volkert Hansen, Martin Schaarschmidt, Joachim Streckert, And Yi Zho "Numerical Dosimetry Schemes For The Simulation Of Human Exposure To Pulsed High-Power Electromagnetic-Field Sources"
  28. James C. Lin "Safety Standards For Human Exposure To Radio Frequency Radiation And Their Biological Rationale" Ieee Microwave Magazine December 2003
  29. Marie-Christine Gosselin, G¨Unter Vermeeren, Sven K¨Uhn, Valpr´E Kellerman, Stefan Benkler "Estimation Formulas For The Specific Absorption Rate In Humans Exposed To Base-Station Antennas", Ieee Transactions On Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 53, No. 4, November 2011
  30. Dr Duncan Fung, "Fundamentals And Regulations Of Human Safety Concerns For Mobile Communications Devices" Consultant Hong Kong Productivity Council
  31. Rj. Douglas1 And C. Thomas On Behalf Of The Working Group Members, "29th Annual Precise Time And Time Interval (Ptti) Meeting "The Cctf Working Group On The Expression Of Uncertainties In Primary Frequency Standards"
  32. James C. Lin, "Perspectives On Guidelines For Herman Exposure To Radio-Frequency Radiation" Ieee Antennas Arid Propagation Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 1, February 2000
  33. Barry N. Taylor And Chris E. Kuyatt , "Guidelines For Evaluating And Expressing The Uncertainty Of Nist Measurement Results", Nist Technical Note 1297 1994 Edition
  34. Daniel Sebastião, Diana Ladeira, Mónica Antunes, Carla Oliveira, Luís M. Correia, "Estimation Of Base Stations Exclusion Zones" Instituto De Telecomunicações / Instituto Superior Técnico Technical University Of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
  35. Advice On Limiting Exposure Electromagnetic Fields 0-300ghz Nrpb National Radiological Protection Board
  36. T G Cooper, S M Mann, M Khalid And R P Blackwell, "Exposure Of The General Public To Radio Waves Near Microcell And Picocell Base Stations For Mobile Telecommunications Final Report" Nrpb, Chilton, Didcot, Ox11 0rq
  37. Radio Communications (Electromagnetic Radiation – Human Exposure) Standard 2001
  38. Emf Exposure Standards In New Zealand Martin Gledhill National Radiation Laboratory, P O Box 25 099, Christchurch, New Zealand
  39. G. Neubauer, W. Giczi, G. Schmid, Analysis Of Exposure Levels Next To Gsm Base Stations.
  40. Williaii C. Y. Lee, "Theory Of Wideband Radio Propagation" Ch2944-7/91/0000/0285 $1 . Oo 8 1991 Ieee
  41. Power-Frequency Emf Exposure Standards Applicable In Europe And Elsewhere Compiled By John Swanson October 2012
  42. Ordinance Of Protection Against Non-Ionizing Radiation (Nisv) 23rd December 1999
  43. Ieee Standard For Safety Levels With Respect To Human Exposure To Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields 1999
  44. J F Viel, S Clerc, C Barrera, R Rymzhanova, M Moissonnier, M Hours, E Cardis, "Residential Exposure To Radiofrequency Fields From Mobile Phone Base Stations, And Broadcast Transmitters: A Population-Based Survey With Personal Meter" Occup Environ Med 2009;66:550–556. Doi:10. 1136/Oem. 2008. 044180 December 3, 2012
  45. Kjell Hansson Mild, "Exposure Of Workers To Electromagnetic Fields. A Review Of Open Questions On Exposure Assessment Techniques" International Journal Of Occupational Safety And Ergonomics (Jose) 2009, Vol. 15, No. 1, 3–33
  46. Wout Joseph, Christof Olivier, And Luc Martens "A Robust, Fast, And Accurate Deconvolution Algorithm For Em-Field Measurements Around Gsm And Umts Base Stations With A Spectrum Analyzer" Ieee Transactions On Instrumentation And Measurement, Vol. 51, No. 6, December 2002
  47. "Optimal Settings For Narrow-Band Signal Measurements Used For Exposure Assessment Around Gsm Base Stations" Christof Olivier And Luc Martens, Member, Ieee Transactions On Instrumentation And Measurement, Vol. 54, No. 1, February 2005
  48. Emmanuel LarchˆEveque, Christian Dale, Man-Fa¨I Wong, Senior Member, Ieee, And Joe Wiart, Senior Member, "Analysis Of Electric Field Averaging For In Situ Radiofrequency Exposure Assessment" Ieee Transactions On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 54, No. 4, July 2005
  49. "Development Of Procedures For The Emf Exposure Evaluation Of Wireless Devices In Home And Office Environments Exposure From Wireless Data Communication Devices" - Final Report, Zurich, July, 2006
  50. W Raeyoung Jr "Comparison Of Mobile Radio Transmission At 150, 450, 900, And 3700 Mc. " The Bell System Technical Journal. November 1952.
  51. W C Y Lee, "Estimate Of Local Average Power Of A Mobile Radio Signal", Ieee Transactions On Vehicular Technology, Vol. Vt-34, No. 1, February 1985
  52. Marie-Christine Gosselin, G¨Unter Vermeeren, Sven K¨Uhn, Valpr´E Kellerman, Stefan Benkler, "Estimation Formulas For The Specific Absorption Rate In Humans Exposed To Base-Station Antennas", Ieee Transactions On Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 53, No. 4, November 2011
  53. Sven K¨Uhn And Niels Kuster, "Evaluation Of Measurement Techniques To Show Compliance With Rf Safety Limits In Heterogeneous Field Distributions" Ieee Transactions On Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 52, No. 4, November 2010
  54. Oriano Bottauscio, Mario Chiampi, And Luca Zilberti , "Boundary Element Approaches For The Evaluation Of Human Exposure To Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields", Ieee Transactions On Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 3, March 2009.
  55. Franco Pavese "Analysis Of Consistency Of The Concepts For The Expression Of Uncertainty In The Present International Written Standards And Guidelines, 16th Imeko Tc$ Symposium, Italy.
  56. E. Karabetsos, G. Filippopoulos "Uncertainty Estimation In Electromagnetic Field Measurements For Assessing Compliance With Safety Limits" Non Ionizing Radiation Office, Greek Atomic Energy Commission
  57. Wout Joseph, Christof Olivier, And Luc Martens, "A Robust, Fast, And Accurate Deconvolution Algorithm For Em-Field Measurements Around Gsm And Umts Base Stations With A Spectrum Analyzer", Ieee Transactions On Instrumentation And Measurement, Vol. 51, No. 6, December 2002
  58. Ryser H. "Measuring Campaign For The Assessment Of The Non-Ionising Radiation Near Gsm Base Stations". 15th Intl. Symposium And Technical Exhibition On Emc Zurich, Pp. 171-174, 2003
  59. M. Siegrist, T. C. Earle, H. Gutscher, C. Keller, "Perception Of Mobile Phone And Base Station Risks". , Risk Anal. , Vol. 25, Pp. 1253-1264, Oct. 2005.
  60. Fusette, G. D'amore, "Population Exposure To Electromagnetic Fields Generated By Radio Base Stations: Evaluation Of The Urban Background By Using Provisional Model And Instrumental Measurements". , Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, Vol. 97, Pp. 355-358 Dec. 2001.
  61. J. F. Viel, E. Cardis, M. Moissonnier, R. De Seze, M. Hours, "Radiofrequency Exposure In The French General Population: Band, Time, Location And Activity Variability". , Environ. Int. , Vol. 35, Pp. 1150-1154, Nov. 2009.
  62. J. Vanderstraeten, "Gsm Fields And Health: An Updated Literature Review". , Rev. Med. Brux, Vol. 30, Pp. 416-424, Sep. 2009. (In French)
  63. R. Santini, P. Santini, J. M. Danze, P. Le Ruz, M. Seigne, . "Investigation On The Health Of People Living Near Mobile Telephone Relay Stations: I/Incidence According To Distance". , Pathol. Biol. (Paris), Vol. 50, Pp. 369-373, Jul. 2002. (In French).
  64. R. Santini, P. Santini, J. M. Danze, P. Le Ruz, M. Seigne, . "Symptoms Experienced By People In Vicinity Of Base Stations: Ii/ Incidences Of Age, Duration Of Exposure, Location Of Subjects In Relation To The Antennas And Other Electromagnetic Factors". , Pathol. Biol. (Paris), Vol. 51, Pp. 412-415, Sep. 2003. (In French).
  65. P. A. Valberg, T. E. Van Deventer, M. H. Repacholi, . "Workgroup Report: Base Stations And Wireless Networks . Radiofrequency (Rf) Exposures And Health Consequences", Environ. Health Persp. , Vol. 115, Pp. 416-424, Mar. 2007.
  66. Martin Röösli , Patrizia Frei , Evelyn Mohler & Kerstin Hug "Systematic Review On The Health Effects Of Exposure To Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields From Mobile Phone Base Stations" A. Swiss Tropical And Public Health Institute And University Of Basel, Socinstrasse 59, Basel, Ch-4002, Switzerland.
  67. Sebastián Blanch, Jordi Romeu, Member, Ieee, And Angel Cardama, Member "Near Field In The Vicinity Of Wireless Base-Station Antennas: An Exposure Compliance Approach", Ieee Ieee Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 50, No. 5, May 2002.
  68. Stratakis, Andreas I. Miaoudakis, Thomas D. Xenos, And Vassilios G. Z Dimitrios Acharopoulos "Overall Uncertainty Estimation In Multiple Narrow-Band In Situ Electromagnetic Field Measurements". Ieee Transactions On Instrumentation And Measurement, Vol. 58, No. 8, August 2009
  69. Radio Frequency Radiation And Health: Smart Meters By Vermont Department Of Health, February 10, 2012
  70. Electromagnetic Radiation And Human Health: A Review Of Sources And Effects By Ali Zamanian And Cy Hardiman Fluor Corporation, Industrial And Infrastructure Group, July 2005.
  71. Evaluating Compliance With Fcc Guidelines For Human Exposure To Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Federal Communications Commission Office Of Engineering & Technology 1997.
  72. Basic Insights- Safety In Electric, Magnetic And Electromagnetic Fields, Narda Safety Test Solutions.
  73. "Fundamentals And Regulations Of Human Safety Concerns For Mobile Communications Devices". Dr. Duncan Fung, Consultant Hong Kong Productivity Council. Seminar Ieee Hk Emc December 2009
  74. "A Guide To Expression Of Uncertainty Of Measurements" Qa4eo – Group On Earth Observations Geo A Report
  75. Narda Safety Test Solutions Data Manual And Calibration Certificate, Narda Test Solutions Inc. , Pfullingen, Germany, 2008.
  76. Latin American Experts Committee Ont High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields And Human Health Scientific Review On "Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation In The Radiofrequency Spectrum And Its Effects On Human Health"
  77. Electromagnetic Fields And Public Health:Mobile Phones Fact Sheet N0 193 June 2011
  78. Terry L. Tyson "Electromagnetic Radiation: Its Possible Adverse Health Effects On Human Beings" Rsa
  79. Guide To The Expression Of Uncertainty In Measurement, Iec Standard, 1st Ed. , 1995.
  80. Recommendation On Measurement Method Of Exposure To Base Stations. Tta Standard Ttas. Ko- 06. 0125, 2006.
  81. Deutsches Mobilfunk Forschungsprogramm; Http://Www. Emf-Forschungsprogramm. De
Index Terms

Computer Science
Information Sciences

Keywords

Radio frequency electromagnetic field human exposure guidelines EM radiation Uncertainty public concern Perceptions In situ mobile switching center (MSC) Biological effect.