CFP last date
20 May 2024
Call for Paper
June Edition
IJCA solicits high quality original research papers for the upcoming June edition of the journal. The last date of research paper submission is 20 May 2024

Submit your paper
Know more
The week's pick
Responsive image
Enhancing Privacy Preservation: Multi-Attribute Protection with P-Sensitive K-Anonymity

Twinkle Patel Kiran Amin
Random Articles
Reseach Article

Extending the Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey of LEACH and Non-LEACH Routing Protocols

by Yakubu Abdul-Wahab Nawusu, Abdul-Barik Alhassan, Abdul-Mumin Salifu
journal cover thumbnail

International Journal of Computer Applications
Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Volume 177 - Number 45
Year of Publication: 2020
Authors: Yakubu Abdul-Wahab Nawusu, Abdul-Barik Alhassan, Abdul-Mumin Salifu
10.5120/ijca2020919447

Yakubu Abdul-Wahab Nawusu, Abdul-Barik Alhassan, Abdul-Mumin Salifu . Extending the Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey of LEACH and Non-LEACH Routing Protocols. International Journal of Computer Applications. 177, 45 ( Mar 2020), 6-21. DOI=10.5120/ijca2020919447

@article{ 10.5120/ijca2020919447,
author = { Yakubu Abdul-Wahab Nawusu, Abdul-Barik Alhassan, Abdul-Mumin Salifu },
title = { Extending the Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey of LEACH and Non-LEACH Routing Protocols },
journal = { International Journal of Computer Applications },
issue_date = { Mar 2020 },
volume = { 177 },
number = { 45 },
month = { Mar },
year = { 2020 },
issn = { 0975-8887 },
pages = { 6-21 },
numpages = {9},
url = { https://ijcaonline.org/archives/volume177/number45/31207-2020919447/ },
doi = { 10.5120/ijca2020919447 },
publisher = {Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA},
address = {New York, USA}
}
%0 Journal Article
%1 2024-02-07T00:48:41.450114+05:30
%A Yakubu Abdul-Wahab Nawusu
%A Abdul-Barik Alhassan
%A Abdul-Mumin Salifu
%T Extending the Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey of LEACH and Non-LEACH Routing Protocols
%J International Journal of Computer Applications
%@ 0975-8887
%V 177
%N 45
%P 6-21
%D 2020
%I Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Abstract

Originated envisaged for military functions, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have gain wide-ranging applicability including in home, business, agriculture, environment monitoring, health care and structural engineering. Despite the immeasurable benefits, Wireless Sensor Networks have inherent constraints arising mainly from its low battery powered sensor nodes. Many design efforts have focused on designing energy efficient means of monitory and transmitting required application specific events as long as required. Different energy-efficient schemes have been developed in past studies to varying successes. This paper reviews some relevant literature on existing routing protocols for wireless sensor network with much emphasis given to the Low Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol, its variant protocols as well as its security-enabled versions.

References
  1. Akyildiz, I.F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaninam, Y., and Cayirci, E. 2002. Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer Networks, 30.
  2. Kochlan, M. Zak, S. Micek, J. and Milanova. J. 2015. Control unit for power subsystem of a wireless sensor node. In Proceedings of the 2015 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS’15). IEEE, 1239–1246. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15439/2015F355.
  3. Basagni, S. Conti, M. Giordano, S. and Stojmenovic. I. 2013. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: The Cutting-Edge Directions. Vol. 35. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
  4. Yang, Z., and Mohammed, A. 2010. A Survey of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks, Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks (Y. K. Tan, Ed.). Retrievedfromhttp://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-wireless-sensor-networks/a-survey-on-routing-protocolsfor- wireless-sensor-networks
  5. Estrin, D. Sayeed, A. and Srivastava, M. 2002. Wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Tutorial at the 8th ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom’02), Vol. 255. ACM, New York, NY.
  6. Devasena, A. and Sowmya, B. 2015. Wireless sensor network in disaster management. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 8, 15, 6.
  7. Kim, S., Pakzad, S., Culler, D.E., Demmel, D., Fenves, G., Glaser, S. and Turon, M. 2007. Health monitoring of civil infrastructures using wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
  8. Hu, X., Wang, B. and Ji, H. 2013. A Wireless Sensor Network‐Based Structural Health Monitoring System for Highway Bridges Article in Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 28(3). DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8667.2012.00781.
  9. ELkhediri, S. Nasri, N. Kachouri, A. 2011. Synchronization Issues in Wireless Sensors Networks, IEEE the 23 International Conference of Microelectronics. TUNISIA: ICM, 2
  10. Chong, C. Y., & Kumar, S. P. 2003. Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges. Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(8), 1247-1256.
  11. Yoneki, E. and Bacon, J. 2005. A survey of Wireless Sensor Network Technologies: Research Trends and Middleware’s Role. A technical Report, No. 646.
  12. Adu-manu, K.S., Adam, N., Tapparello, C., Ayatollahi, H. and Heinzelman W. 2018. Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (EH-WSNs): A Review. ACM Trans. Sen. Netw. 14, 2, Article 10
  13. Pantelopoulos and N. G. Bourbakis, 2010. A survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev., vol. 40, no. 1.
  14. Omer, R. M.D. and Al-Salihi, N. K. 2017. HealthMate: Smartwearable system for health monitoring (SWSHM). In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 14th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC’17). IEEE, 755–760.
  15. Owa, F. W. 2014. Water pollution: Sources, effects, control and management. Int. Lett. Natural Sci. 3, 6.
  16. P. J. Landrigan and R. Fuller. 2016. Pollution, health and development: The need for a new paradigm. Rev. Environ. Health 31, 1, 121–124.
  17. Derbew, Y. and Libsie, M. 2014. A wireless sensor network framework for large-scale industrial water pollution monitoring. In Proc. of IST-Africa Conference.
  18. Jiang, P. Xia, H. He, Z. and Wang., Z. 2009. Design of a water environment monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. Sensors 9, 8 2009, 6411–6434.
  19. Zhu, X. Li, D. He, D. Wang, J. Ma, D. and Li, F. 2010. A remote wireless system for water quality online monitoring in intensive fish culture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 71, S3–S9.
  20. Nasirudin, M. A., Za’bah, U.N. and Sidek, O. 2011 Fresh water real-time monitoring system based on Wireless Sensor Network and GSM. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Open Systems (ICOS). IEEE, Langkawi, Malaysia,354357.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICOS.2011.6079290
  21. Rabaey, J. M., Ammer, M. J., da Silva, J. L., Patel, D. and Roundy S., 2000. PicoRadio Supports Ad Hoc Ultra-Low Power Wireless Networking. IEEE Computer, Vol. 33, No. 7.
  22. Pottie, G. and Kaiser, W. 2000 Wireless integrated network sensors. Communication of ACM, 43(5):51–58.
  23. Pradeepaa, K., Raggis Anne, W. and Duraisamy, S. 2012 Design and Implementation Issues of clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Computer Applications. Volume 47 – 10.
  24. Meena, R. and Talwai, P. 2015 Comparison of Flat Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Network. International Journal of Advanced Computational Engineering and Networking, ISSN: 2320-2106, Volume-3, Issue-10.
  25. Devika, R., Santhi, B. and Sivasubramanian, T. 2013. Survey on Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network.
  26. Jothikumar, C., and Venkataraman, R. 2016. A Review of Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(32). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i32/76215
  27. Kaur, N., & Singh, T. 2016. A Review of Wireless Sensor Network with Its Applications. 7, 4.
  28. Braginsky, D., & Estrin, D. 2002. Rumor routing algorithm in sensor networks. Proceedings ACM WSNA, in Conjunction with ACM MobiCom’02, 22-31.
  29. Dan, T. V. and Langendoen, K. 2003. An adaptive energy-efficient mac protocol for wirelesssensor networks, the first international conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems,ACM press.
  30. Heinzelman, W., Kulik, J., & Balakrishnan, H. 1999. Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks. The 5th Annual ACM/IEEE International of the First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA), Altlanta, GA, USA.
  31. Niculescu, D. 2005. Communication paradigms for sensor networks, IEEE Communication Magazine.
  32. Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. 2000. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks. The Hawaii International Conference System Sciences, Hawaii.
  33. Hedetniemi, S. M., Hedetniemi, S. T. and Liestman, A. L. 1988. A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcasting in Communication Networks, Networks, Vol. 18, No. 4. doi:10.1002/net.3230180406.
  34. Sohrabi, K., Gao, J., Ailawadhi, V., and Pottie, G. 2000. Protocols for self-organizing of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Personal Communications Journal, Vol.7, No.5.
  35. Chang, J.-H. and Tassiulas L. 2000. Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Sensor Network, in the Proceedings of the Advanced Telecommunications and Information Distribution Research Program (ATIRP’2000), College Park, MD.
  36. Liu, Y, Elhanany, I. and Qi, H. 2005. An energy-efficient QoS-aware media access control protocol for wireless sensor networks. IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems Conference. 10.1109/MAHSS.2005.1542798
  37. Liu, Z., and I. Elhanany. 2006. RL-MAC: A QoS-aware reinforcement learning based MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Networking, Sensing and Control.
  38. Bandyopadhyay, S. and Coyle E. J. 2003. An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE INFOCOM.
  39. Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. 2000. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks. The Hawaii International Conference System Sciences, Hawaii.
  40. Barai, Y.L., Gaikwad, M.A. and Bokoe, A.K. 2014. A LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network; A review. International Journal of Computer Applications.
  41. Kaur, A. and Grover, A. 2015. LEACH and extended LEACH protocols in Wireless Sensor Network – a survey. International Journal of Computer Applications. Vol-116, No. 10.
  42. Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A. P., & Balakrishnan, H. 2002. An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks. IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communications, 1(4).
  43. Ma, Z., Li, G. and Gong, Q. 2016. Improvement on LEACH-C Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network (LEACH-CC). International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking Vol. 9, No. 2. DOI:10.14257/ijfgcn.2016.9.2.19.
  44. Manjeshwar, A., and Agrawal, D. P. 2001. TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IPDPS 2001, 2009–2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPDPS.2001.925197
  45. Manjeshwar, A., and Agrawal, D. P. 2002. APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and Comprehensive Information Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks. 8.
  46. Lindsey S. and Raghavendra C. S. 2002. PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems, The IEEE Aerosapce Conf.Montana: IEEE Aerosapce and Electronic Systems Society, pp. 1125-1130.
  47. Younis, O. and Fahmy, S. 2004. HEED: A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad-hoc Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 3(4). DOI: 10.1109/TMC.2004.41
  48. Smaragdakis, G. and Bestavros, I.M. A. 2004. SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, in International Workshop on SANPA.
  49. Kour, H. (2012). Hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor Networks. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, Volume 6, No. 1.
  50. Tian, Y., Wang, Y., Zang, S.-F. (2007). A novel chain cluster-based Routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.
  51. Singh, S. P. and Sharma, S.C. 2014. Cluster Based Routing Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Engineering & Technology Innovations, Vol. 1 Issue 4
  52. Karlof, C., & Wagner, D. (2003). Secure routing in wireless sensor networks: Attacks and countermeasures. Elsevier’s Ad Hoc Network Journal, Special Issue on Sensor Network Applications and Protocols, 293–315.
  53. Li, Z. and Gong, G. n.d. A survey of security in wireless sensor networks.
  54. Brindha, P. and Senthilkumar, A. 2016. Security on Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (6).
  55. Oliveira, L.B., Wang, H.C. and Loureiro, A. 2005. LHA-SP: Secure protocols for hierarchical wireless sensor network. Conference: Integrated Network Management, 2005. IM 2005. 2005 9th IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on DOI: 10.1109/INM.2005.1440767
  56. Zhang H., Chen J. and Hu. J. 2008. An efficient security model of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. In2008 Second Asia International Conference on Modelling and Simulation, pages 59–64, Washington, DC, USA, 2008.
  57. Reddy A. V., Srinath R. and Srinivasan, R. 2007. Ac: Cluster based secure routing protocol for wsn. In Third International Conference on Networking and Services, page 45, Washington, DC, USA.
  58. Vilaa, M. A., Wong H. C., Bern M., Dahab R., Oliveira, L. B., Ferreira A. and Loureiro. A. A. F. 2007. Sec-LEACH-on the security of clustered sensor networks. (87(12)):2882–2895, December 2007
  59. Hu G., Wu D. and Ni. G. 2008. Research and improve on secure routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. In 4th IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems for Communications (ICCSC 2008).
  60. Wang, C., Zhang, K. and Wang. C. 2008. A secure routing protocol for cluster-based wireless sensor networks using group key management. In4th IEEE International conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM08).
  61. Geng Y., Hong-bing C. and Su-jun. H. 2008. Nhrpa: a novel hierarchical routing protocol algorithm for wireless sensor networks. China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications.
  62. Levis, P., … 2003. TOSSIM: Accurate and scalable simulation of entire TinyOS applications.In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked SensorSystems. ACM.
  63. Egea-Lopez, E. Vales-Alonso, F, Martinez-Sala, A. S., Pavon-Marino, P, Garcia- Haro, J. 2005. Simulation Tools for Wireless Sensor Networks, Summer Simulation Multiconference, SPECTS.
  64. Khan, M. Z. 2011. Limitations of Simulation Tools for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks, Workshops of International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications.
Index Terms

Computer Science
Information Sciences

Keywords

Wireless Sensor Networks Routing protocols LEACH Non-LEACH protocols Network lifespan Security.

Powered by PhDFocusTM